Physics demystified - Làm sáng tỏ các vấn đề trong vật lý

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DEDICATION
To Samuel, Tony, and Tim
from Uncle Stan
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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
PART ZERO A Review of Mathematics
CHAPTER 1 Equations, Formulas, and Vectors 3
Notation 3
One-Variable First-Order Equations 9
One-Variable Second-Order Equations 12
One-Variable Higher-Order Equations 18
Vector Arithmetic 20
Some Laws for Vectors 23
CHAPTER 2 Scientific Notation 29
Subscripts and Superscripts 29
Power-of-10 Notation 31
Rules for Use 35
Approximation, Error, and Precedence 40
Significant Figures 44
CHAPTER 3 Graphing Schemes 49
Rectangular Coordinates 49
The Polar Plane 62
Other Systems 64
CHAPTER 4 Basics of Geometry 77
Fundamental Rules 77
Triangles 86
Quadrilaterals 92
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CONTENTS
viii
Circles and Ellipses 101
Surface Area and Volume 103
CHAPTER 5 Logarithms, Exponentials,
and Trigonometry 113
Logarithms 113
Trigonometric Functions 124
Trigonometric Identities 127
Test: Part Zero 133
PART ONE Classical Physics
CHAPTER 6 Units and Constants 147
Systems of Units 147
Base Units in SI 148
Other Units 154
Prefix Multipliers 158
Constants 160
Unit Conversions 165
CHAPTER 7 Mass, Force, and Motion 171
Mass 171
Force 175
Displacement 176
Speed 178
Velocity 181
Acceleration 183
Newton’s Laws of Motion 188
CHAPTER 8 Momentum, Work, Energy, and Power 193
Momentum 193
Collisions 196
Work 202
Energy 204
Power 209
CHAPTER 9 Particles of Matter 217
Early Theories 217
The Nucleus 219
Outside the Nucleus 227
Energy from Matter 230
Compounds 234
CHAPTER 10 Basic States of Matter 241
The Solid Phase 242
The Liquid Phase 251
The Gaseous Phase 258
CHAPTER 11 Temperature, Pressure, and
Changes of State 265
What Is Heat? 265
Temperature 269
Some Effects of Temperature 275
Temperature and States of Matter 278
Test: Part One 285
PART TWO Electricity, Magnetism,
and Electronics
CHAPTER 12 Direct Current 297
What Does Electricity Do? 297
Electrical Diagrams 303
CONTENTS
ix
Voltage/Current/Resistance Circuits 305
How Resistances Combine 310
Kirchhoff’s Laws 318
CHAPTER 13 Alternating Current 323
Definition of Alternating Current 323
Waveforms 325
Fractions of a Cycle 329
Amplitude 332
Phase Angle 336
CHAPTER 14 Magnetism 345
Geomagnetism 345
Magnetic Force 347
Magnetic Field Strength 351
Electromagnets 354
Magnetic Materials 357
Magnetic Machines 361
Magnetic Data Storage 366
CHAPTER 15 More About Alternating Current 371
Inductance 371
Inductive Reactance 375
Capacitance 380
Capacitive Reactance 384
RLC Impedance 390
CHAPTER 16 Semiconductors 397
The Diode 397
The Bipolar Transistor 405
Current Amplification 410
The Field-Effect Transistor 412
Voltage Amplification 414
CONTENTS
x
CONTENTS
xi
The MOSFET 417
Integrated Circuits 421
Test: Part Two 425
PART THREE Waves, Particles,
Space, and Time
CHAPTER 17 Wave Phenomena 437
Intangible Waves 438
Fundamental Properties 440
Wave Interaction 448
Wave Mysteries 455
Particle or Wave? 459
CHAPTER 18 Forms of Radiation 467
EM Fields 467
ELF Fields 472
Rf Waves 474
Beyond the Radio Spectrum 481
Radioactivity 490
CHAPTER 19 Optics 499
Behavior of Light 499
Lenses and Mirrors 507
Refracting Telescopes 512
Reflecting Telescopes 515
Telescope Specifications 517
The Compound Microscope 521
CHAPTER 20 Relativity Theory 529
Simultaneity 529
Time Dilation 534
Spatial Distortion 539
Mass Distortion 541
General Relativity 544
Test: Part Three 557
Final Exam 567
Answers to Quiz, Test, and
Exam Questions 585
Suggested Additional References 593
Index 595
CONTENTS
xii

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