ABOUT THE AUTHORS
M. R. Karim, formerly a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff of Bell
Laboratories, was a member of the original team that developed the world’s
first cellular system. He has published in the areas of mobile communica-
tions and packet switching, and is author of the book ATM Technology and
Services Delivery (Prentice Hall, 1999).
Mohsen Sarraf received his Ph.D. degree in 1986 from the University of
Southern California. He joined Bell Laboratories in 1987 where he has
been involved in various aspects of communications systems. He has
worked on wireless systems from design and implementation to project
leadership during the last ten years. Currently he is the Director of
Advanced Multimedia Communications Department of Bell Labs.
Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Foreword xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Early Systems 2
The Cellular System 4
TDMA System 9
IS-54 and IS-136 9
GSM 11
cdmaOne (Based on IS-95-A and IS-95-B) 13
Personal Communications System 15
Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Technology 16
3G Requirements 18
Evolution to 3G Systems 21
Summary 23
References 25
Chapter 2 Propagation Characteristics of a Mobile Radio Channel 27
Large-Scale Variations 29
Signal Variations in Free Space 29
Variations in Urban Areas Due to Terrain and Clutter 31
Signal Variations in Suburban and Rural Areas 35
Variation of the Local Mean Signal Level 36
Propagation Model 39
Short-term Variations of the Signal 41
Effect of Short-term Variations 45
Coherence Bandwidth and Power Delay Profiles 46
Simulation Model of a Mobile Radio Channel 49
Summary 52
References 52
Chapter 3 Principles of Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 55
Multiple Access Schemes 56
FDMA 57
TDMA 58
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access 59
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CDMA Technology 60
Direct-Spread CDMA Principles 60
Capacity of a CDMA System 63
3G Radio Transmitter Functions 67
Speech Encoding 69
Channel Coding 71
Convolutional Encoder 71
Decoding Convolutional Codes 76
Punctured Codes 76
Channel Encoders for UMTS 76
Interleavers 78
Modulation 79
Demodulation of a Phase Modulated Signal 80
Spreading 82
Walsh Codes 82
Scrambling Codes 83
Receiver 90
Receiver Structure 90
Hard and Soft Decision 91
Viterbi Decoding 93
Multipath Diversity in CDMA 94
Rake Receiver 95
Multiuser Detection 98
Smart Antennas 101
Summary 106
Appendix A—Viterbi Decoding
of Convolutional Codes 107
Appendix B—Modulation 110
QPSK 110
Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 111
Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 111
Appendix C—Multiuser Detection Using Viterbi Algorithm 113
References 116
Chapter 4 cdmaOne and cdma2000 121
cdmaOne 122
Spectrum Allocation 122
Physical Channels 123
Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 124
Forward Channel Functions 127
Contents
vi
Power Control 130
Handoff in IS-95 133
cdma2000 137
System Features 137
The Protocol Stack 140
Physical Channels 143
Forward Channel Transmit Functions 146
Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 147
Summary 149
References 151
Chapter 5 The GSM System and General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) 153
GSM System Features 155
System Architecture 157
Speech Encoder 162
Channel Encoder 163
Interleaving 165
Modulation Technique—GMSK 166
Logical Channels 169
GSM Frame and Slot Structure 171
Data Services in GSM 173
General Capabilities and Features of GPRS 174
GPRS Network Architecture 175
GPRS Protocol Stacks 177
Packet Structures 180
Logical Channels 181
Packet Transmission Protocol 182
Summary 186
References 187
Chapter 6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 189
System Features 190
Wireless Network Architecture 193
Radio Interface Protocol Stack—An Overview 195
Physical Layer 198
Overview of Physical Layer Functions 199
Transport Channels 203
Physical Channels 206
Packet Mode Data 214
Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical Channels 215
Contents
vii
Physical Layer Procedures 215
Spreading and Modulation 223
Physical Layer Measurements 230
MAC Layer Protocol 232
Overview 232
MAC Procedures 234
MAC Layer Data Formats 236
Radio Link Control Protocol 237
RLC Functions 237
RLC Protocol Description 240
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 245
Overview 245
Header Compression 246
Broadcast/Multicast (BMC) Protocol 246
Radio Resource Control Protocol 247
RRC Functions 247
Management of RRC Connections 249
Handover 250
Summary 254
References 256
General Systems Descriptions 256
Overview of the UE-UTRAN Protocols 256
Physical Layer 257
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 257
Protocols at Different Interface Points 257
Miscellaneous Specifications of Interest 258
Other References 259
Web Sites 259
Chapter 7 Evolution of Mobile Communication Networks 261
Review of 3G Requirements [1]-[4] 262
Network Evolution 264
First-Generation Network 264
Second-Generation Networks 266
2Gϩ Networks 268
3G Network 270
All-IP Network 271
Summary 273
References 274
Contents
viii
Chapter 8 Call Controls and Mobility Management 277
Protocol Stacks in Access and Core Networks 279
GSM 279
UMTS 282
Call Controls 291
Summary 295
References 296
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G Systems 297
Introduction 298
Overview of the Concepts 300
Classification of Traffic 301
UMTS Service Attributes 304
Requesting QoS—RSVP Protocol 309
Admission Control 315
Admission Control Strategies 315
Resource Allocation 317
Policing 318
Providing Requested QoS 320
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 323
RSVP for Mobile Systems 325
Summary 329
References 329
Chapter 10 Network Planning and Design 331
Network Design 334
Spectrum Requirements 334
Link Budget Calculation 337
Frequency Planning 343
Analog and TDMA Systems 343
CDMA System 347
Cellular System Growth 347
Cell Splitting 348
Overlay Design 348
Summary 351
Appendix A—Traffic Capacity of a Network 351
References 352
Contents
ix
Chapter 11 Beyond 3G 355
Driving Force Behind 4G 356
Applications and Features of 4G 358
Technologies 360
Other Considerations 361
References 362
Appendix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 363
Index 375
Contents
x
TEAMFLY
Team-Fly
®
PREFACE
At the time we were working on third-generation (3G) wireless sys-
tems at Lucent Technologies, we realized that there were not many
books available on this topic. ITU-R had defined four 3G systems,
and published a set of standards in 1999. In most cases, our only
sources of information were these standards, which were necessarily
quite elaborate and were not available as a single document. The
purpose of this book is to fill that void and provide a comprehensive
description of 3G systems. The standards specify air interfaces based
upon both wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and wideband TDMA. How-
ever, since W-CDMA is the preferred interface, we have chosen to
deal with W-CDMA and more specifically cdma2000 and UMTS
FDD. Technologies used in 3G and necessary background material
required to understand and, in some instances, develop a 3G system
are presented. The treatment of topics is neither too detailed nor too
brief, and our expectation is that a wide spectrum of readers
—
systems engineers, engineering managers, people who are new in
this area but want to understand the system, and even designers
—
will find the book useful.
The book is organized as follows. We begin by tracing, in Chapter
1, the evolution of mobile telephony from analog systems (that
is, Advanced Mobile Phone Service [AMPS]) through the second gen-
eration (2G) systems of the nineties and leading up to 3G systems.
Included in this chapter is an overview of 3G capabilities, features,
and requirements.
Knowledge of the propagation characteristics of a mobile radio
channel is essential to the understanding and design of a cellular
system. As such, an overview of this topic is presented in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 describes the basic principles of wideband CDMA and
deals with various topics that, in essence, provide the physical layer
functionalities of a 3G system.
cdmaOne and cdma2000 are the subject matter of Chapter 4.
Because cdma2000 is an evolution of cdmaOne, uses the same core
network standards (that is, IS-41) as cdmaOne, and may coexist with
this system, we begin with a synopsis of cdmaOne and follow it up
with a description of cdma2000.
Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use.
Chapter 5 is devoted to GSM and General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS). The reasons we have included these two systems are the fol-
lowing: Both GSM and UMTS share the same core network and use
the same Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocol of Signaling Sys-
tem 7. Similarly, the packet mode data services in UMTS and the
associated network entities and protocols have been harmonized
with those of GPRS. Thus, even though there are significant differ-
ences in the air interface standards of UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) and GSM, a description of GSM and GPRS
may be helpful to the reader in this context.
UMTS is described in Chapter 6, where, among other things, we
discuss the protocols of different layers, synchronization schemes,
power controls, and handover procedures.
Since packet mode data is an important aspect of 3G, existing core
networks, which are built around a circuit-switch fabric, work in con-
junction with routers and gateways to provide packet mode data ser-
vices. In fact, because of high volume data transfer requirements in
next generation systems, the core network is evolving to an all-IP
architecture. Chapter 7 describes the evolution of mobile communi-
cation networks.
Chapter 8 touches briefly on call controls and mobility manage-
ment in wireless networks. To help the reader understand this topic
better, a brief description of protocol stacks at various interface
points is also included.
Chapter 9 deals with the quality of service (QoS) concepts as they
relate to 3G, provides the reader with a basic understanding of the
subject, and discusses the need for implementing a flexible resource
management scheme in the network that will provide mobile sta-
tions with an end-to-end QoS across all-IP networks.
Network planning and design issues, such as spectrum require-
ments, link budget calculation, frequency planning, and cellular
growth, are presented in Chapter 10.
We conclude the book with our reflections, in Chapter 11, on what
may come about beyond 3G, discuss the driving force behind the evo-
lution of the fourth-generation (4G) system, and mention some tech-
nologies that might play a key role in the development of 4G.
Preface
xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Reed Fisher who read almost the
entire manuscript, and gave us valuable comments. Special thanks
go to Ken Smolik who gladly reviewed much of the material and
offered suggestions that have greatly enhanced the quality of the
book. Thanks are also due to Nikil Jayant, Victor Lawrence, and an
anonymous reviewer for going over a few chapters and giving us
their comments. We are grateful to Marjorie Spencer for inviting us
to write this book and for her continued interest in this endeavor.
Finally, we would like to express our most sincere gratitude to our
families because without their constant support and encouragement,
we could not have undertaken this work and completed it on time.
M. R. K
ARIM
M. S
ARRAF
M
ARCH
2002
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