5
Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for
such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being
debated. Advocates of organic foods a term whose meaning varies greatly
frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.
The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the
typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this
interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or
inadequate in meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not
supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing
such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction.
As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods
prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely
publicized and form the basis for folklore.
Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins,
and other wonder foods. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural
vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior
to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.
One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is
that they cost more than conventionally grown foods. But in many cases consumers are
misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional
quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if consumers,
particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only
expensive organic foods instead.
22. The word "Advocates" in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Proponents
(B) Merchants
(C) Inspectors
(D) Consumers
23. In line 4, the word "others" refers to
(A) advantages
(B) advocates
(C) organic foods
(D) products
24. The "welcome development" mentioned in line 6 is an increase in
(A) interest in food safety and nutrition among North Americans
(B) the nutritional quality of the typical North American diet
(C) the amount of healthy food grown in North America
(D) the number of consumers in North America
25. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term "organic foods"?
(A) It is accepted by most nutritionists.
(B) It has been used only in recent years.
(C) It has no fixed meaning.
(D) It is seldom used by consumers.
6
26. The word "unsubstantiated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) unbelievable
(B) uncontested
(C) unpopular
(D) unverified
27. The word "maintain" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) monitor
(C) preserve
(D) restore
28. The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes buy
organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because
(A) organic foods can he more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods
(B) many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods
(C) conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods
(D) too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops
29. According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better than
conventionally grown foods are often
(A) careless
(B) mistaken
(C) thrifty
(D) wealthy
30. What is the author's attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health foods?
(A) Very enthusiastic
(B) Somewhat favorable
(C) Neutral
(D) Skeptical
Questions 31-40
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one
most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed
the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they
sought, through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those
measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated
until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or
veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but
the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites
contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost
always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and
when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made
between the "acting area" and the "auditorium". In addition, there were performers,
and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment
7
of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they
often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired
effect success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor
might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious
activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.
According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually
elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator
and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely
related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and
gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
31.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of theater
(B) The role of ritual in modern dance
(C) The importance of storytelling
(D) The variety of early religious activities
32.The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) seasonal changes
(B) natural forces
(C) theories
(D) human beings
33. What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?
(A) The reason drama is often unpredictable
(B) The seasons in which dramas were performed
(C) The connection between myths and dramatic plots
(D) The importance of costumes in early drama
34. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common element of theater and ritual?
(A) Dance
(B) Costumes
(C) Music
(D) Magic
35. The word "considerable" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
(C) relational
(D) ceremonial
36. The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) establishment
(B) performance
(C) authorization
(D) season
37. The word "they" in line 16 refers to
(A) mistakes
8
(B) costumes
(C) animals
(D) performers
38. According to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama?
(A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does not.
(B) Ritual is shorter than drama.
(C) Ritual requires fewer performers than drama.
(D) Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not.
39. The passage supports which of the following statements?
(A) No one really knows how the theater began.
(B) Myths are no longer represented dramatically.
(C) Storytelling is an important part of dance.
(D) Dramatic activities require the use of costumes.
40. Where in the passage does the author discuss the separation of the stage and the audience?
(A) Lines 8-9
(B) Lines 12-14
(C) Lines 19-20
(D) Lines 22-24
Questions 41-50
Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when
the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be
demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from
the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be
undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to
peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The national debt
had shot up from a modest $65 million in 1861, the year the war started, to nearly $3
billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one
that a prudent government could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to
less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border
states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with
discouraging slowness.
Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four
million Black people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern
states to be brought back into the Union?
What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One
of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the
subject of an insulting popular Northern song,"Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple
Tree", and even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell
during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern
9
leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a
Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned
by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as
little bitterness as possible.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems facing the United States after the war
(C) Methods of repairing the damage caused by the war
(D) The results of government efforts to revive the economy
42. The word "Staggering" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming
43. The word "devastated" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) developing
(B) ruined
(C) complicated
(D) fragile
44 According to the passage, which of the following statements about the damage in the South is
correct?
(A) It was worse than in the North.
(B) The cost was less than expected.
(C) It was centered in the border states.
(D) It was remedied rather quickly.
45. The passage refers to all of the following as necessary steps following the Civil War EXCEPT
(A) helping soldiers readjust
(B) restructuring industry
(C) returning government to normal
(D) increasing taxes
46. The word "task" in line 15 refers to
(A) raising the tax level
(B) sensible financial choices
(C) wise decisions about former slaves
(D) reconstruction of damaged areas
47. Why does the author mention a popular song in lines 22-23?
(A) To give an example of a Northern attitude towards the South
(B) To illustrate the Northern love of music
(C) To emphasize the cultural differences between the North and the South
(D) To compare the Northern and Southern presidents
48. The word "them" in line 26 refers to
(A) charges
(B) leaders
10
(C) days
(D) irons
49. Which of the following can be inferred from the phrase " it was unlikely that a jury from
Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would convict them" (lines 25-26)?
(A) Virginians felt betrayed by Jefferson Davis.
(B) A popular song insulted Virginia.
(C) Virginians were loyal to their leaders.
(D) All of the Virginia military leaders had been put in chains.
50. It can be inferred from the passage that President Johnson pardoned the Southern leaders in
order to
(A) raise money for the North
(B) repair the physical damage in the South
(C) prevent Northern leaders from punishing more Southerners
(D) help the nation recover from the war
1995-10
Questions 1-13
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But
plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,
more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the
movement of water's in trees and other talls plants was a mystery. Some botanists
hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments
demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move
water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants
have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of
the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall
trees, Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low
root pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed, to the top of a
tall tree, then we may ask. How does it get there? According to the currently accepted
cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a
plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from
the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure or tension is created. The evaporated
water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that
extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension
in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns
of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion
( the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of
water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive
strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
1. How many theories does the author mention?
(A) One
11
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
2. The passage answers which of the following questions ?
(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?
(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?
(D) Why is root pressure weak?
3. The word "demonstrated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) ignored
(B) showed
(C) disguised
(D) distinguished
4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove?
(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water.
(B) Cells in plant sterns do not pump water.
(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes.
(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems.
5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?
(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.
(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.
(C) Plants can live after their roots die.
(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.
6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.
(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.
(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.
(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.
7. The word "it" in line 13 refers to
(A) top
(B) tree
(C) water
(D) cohesion-tension theory
8. The word "there" in line 15 refers to
(A) treetops
(B) roots
(C) water columns
(D) tubes
9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?
(A) Humidity
(B) Plant growth
(C) Root pressure
(D) Evaporation
10. The word "extend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
12
(A) stretch
(B) branch
(C) increase
(D) rotate
11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?
(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.
(B) The attraction between water molecules is strong.
(C) The living cell of plants push the water molecules together.
(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.
12. Why does the author mention steel wire in line 24?
(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water
(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material
(C) To indicate the size of a column of winter
(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water
13. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?
(A.) Lines 3-5
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 11-12
(D) Lines 13-14
Questions 14-22
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city
in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land
uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of
unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter
trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more
distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the
borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district by the turn of
the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far
removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and
entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every
major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fulled what we now
know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new
residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in
outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city
limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities
of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the
Chicago region in just thirty years lots that could have housed five to six million
people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of
subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. There excesses
underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass
transportation urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by
thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future
13
land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes,
particularly and near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class
inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.
Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded
much faster than population growth.
14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) Types of mass transportation
(B) Instability of urban life
(C) How supply and demand determine land use
(D) The effects of mass trans- city portation on urban expansion
15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT
(A) growth in city area
(B) separation of commercial and residential districts
(C) changes in life in the inner city
(D) increasing standards of living.
16. The word "vast" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban
17. The word "sparked" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed
18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
(A)To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth
(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities
(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation
(D) To contrast their rates of growth
19. The word "potential" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) certain
(B) popular
(C) improved
(D) possible
20.The word "many" in line 21 refers to
(A) people
(B) lots-
(C) years
(D) developers
21.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
(A) It was expensive.
(B) It happened too slowly.
14
(C) It was unplanned.
(D) It created a demand for public transportation.
22.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city
(A) that is large
(B) that is used as a model for land development
(C) where land development exceeded population growth
(D) with an excellent mass transportation system
Questions 23-33
The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record.
The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by
weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being
preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live
in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite
of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack
of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid
burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved
ichthyosaur fossils.
The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The
ichthyosaur remains are found in black , bituminous marine shales deposited about
190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish,
and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is
outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils
containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6
different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a
specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The
embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example,
are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,
the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches
long.
Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so
rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations
have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these
factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a
concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of
giving birth.
23.The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Some species of ichthyoeaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.
(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other new born inarine reptiles.
(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.
(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden lo give birth.
24. The word "they" in line 3 refers to
(A) skelectons
Không có nhận xét nào:
Đăng nhận xét